Predicting Native Language from Gaze

A fundamental question in language learning concerns the role of a speaker's first language in second language acquisition. We present a novel methodology for studying this question: analysis of eye-movement patterns in second language reading of free-form text. Using this methodology, we demonstrate for the first time that the native language of English learners can be predicted from their gaze fixations when reading English. We provide analysis of classifier uncertainty and learned features, which indicates that differences in English reading are likely to be rooted in linguistic divergences across native languages. The presented framework complements production studies and offers new ground for advancing research on multilingualism.Comment: ACL 201

Clinical Teaching Behavior Factors

Aims：Challenges of novice nursing educators are initiated when they begin to engage in clinical teaching, often due to lack of support from experienced colleagues. This study was aimed to identify the factors associated with clinical teaching behaviors of novice nurse educators of Diploma Nursing schools in western Japan. Method：Of ２３１ Diploma Nursing schools in Western Japan,９２ institutions（３９．８３％）agreed to participate. The study participants were １４４ novice nursing educators with less than five years of teaching experience. Anonymized self-administered questionnaires including the Scale of Other Educators’ Support（SOES）and organizational education, associated with the Scale of Clinical Teaching Behaviors（SCTB）were mailed to participants. The SOES factors of work and reflection supports, organizational education factors of information-sharing opportunity and mini-workshops were used to determine association with SCTB. The multiple regression analysis with stepwise method was used for SCTB. Results：Conducting to multivariate analysis, age（p =０．０１）, information-sharing among nursing educators（p =０．０４）, participation in mini-workshops on clinical practice（p =０．０４）, and work support（p =０．０３）were significantly associated with the improvement of SCTB. Then, reflection support was significantly associated with the deterioration of SCTB（p =０．０２）. Discussion：The work support meaning direct advice and guidance from other nursing educators can enhance the effectiveness for SCTB. The reflection support encouraged the novice nurses to reflect on their teaching behaviors, but only made them aware of problems to be solved, which lowered the SCTB. The information-sharing opportunity and mini-workshops might be effective opportunities to learn about teaching behaviors to increase the SCTB. Conclusion：The SOES and organizational education factors enhance teaching behaviors measured by SCTB among novice nursing educators. Therefore, in developing novice nursing educators, it is necessary to create opportunities indicating these factors for novice nursing educators to learn about practical training and to collaborate with other nursing educators

Platinum-Group Element Geochemistry of the Escondida Igneous Suites, Northern Chile: Implications for Ore Formation

Platinum-group element (PGE) geochemistry may be used to constrain the timing of sulfide saturation in magmas, which influences the Cu and Au fertility of evolving magmatic systems. We report new geochronological and geochemical data, with emphasis on PGE geochemistry, for a suite of regional porphyritic hornblende–diorite intrusions and ore-bearing porphyries from the super-giant Escondida and smaller Zaldivar Cu deposits of Northern Chile. The regional dioritic intrusions have zircon U–Pb ages between 39·6 to 37·1 Ma, which overlap with the ages of the ore-bearing Escondida and Zaldivar porphyries (38·1 to 35·0 Ma). Whole-rock major and trace element, and Sr–Nd–Pb and zircon O–Hf isotope geochemistry indicate that the regional diorites and ore-bearing porphyries are co-magmatic and originated from the same mantle-derived magma by fractional crystallization, with minor contamination by Paleozoic crust (∼10%). The low concentrations of PGE in the regional diorites show that they reached sulfide saturation before the MgO content of the melt fell to 4·7 wt %, the MgO content of the most primitive sample analysed. The fraction of sulfide melt which separated from the melts that formed the regional diorites is estimated to be ∼0·12 wt %; this resulted in the partitioning of highly chalcophile elements (Au and PGE) into a sulfide phase that was retained in cumulus rocks at depth. However, the fraction of sulfide melt was too low to have a significant effect on the Cu content of the fractionating melt. As a consequence, when the evolving melt eventually reached volatile saturation, it contained enough Cu (40 ± 10 ppm) to form a super-giant Cu deposit. In contrast, Au was largely stripped from the melt by sulfide precipitation, with the result that the mineralization at Escondida is Cu dominant, with only minor Au. The Zaldivar deposit, on the other hand, contains even less Au, which is attributed to a longer fractionation interval between sulfide and volatile saturation. This study provides evidence to support previously proposed models which suggest that the timing of sulfide saturation, the amount of sulfide melt produced, the water content and oxidation state of the melt, and the magma volume are critical factors in determining the potential to form a porphyry Cu deposit. Plots of Pd/MgO against Y can be used as empirical indicators of magma fertility for porphyry mineralization, and to discriminate between Cu–Au and Cu-dominated systems, but cannot predict the size of the deposit. The super-giant status of the Escondida deposit is attributed to it being underlain by a large batholith with a calculated minimum mass of 1012 tonnes (∼400 km3).This work was supported by the Australian Research Council [DP170103140]

High Signal Intensity of the Cochlear Modiolus on Unenhanced T1-Weighted Images in Classical Infratentorial Superficial Siderosis

Background: Superficial siderosis (SS) results from chronic bleeding in the subarachnoid space. SS can be classified as infratentorial SS (i-SS) and supratentorial SS (s-SS). The cochlear modiolus (CM) normally shows low signal intensity (SI) on Tl-weighted images (T1WI). We noticed persistently high SI of the CM on unenhanced thin-sliced T1WI in patients with i-SS. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the correlation between SS and high SI of the CM on unenhanced T1WI. Methods: This retrospective study analyzed three cases with i-SS, eight cases with s-SS, and 23 normal controls (NC) evaluated on unenhanced thin-sliced T1WI with a three-dimensional spoiled gradient-recalled echo sequence. CM-T1SI scores of 0, 1, and 2 indicated low, iso, and high SI, respectively. In cases with scores of 2 evaluated several times, all scores were reviewed for each case. The CM-T1SI ratio was defined as the contrast ratio between the CM and the cerebellum. Differences between the three groups were statistically analyzed based on the CM-T1SI score and ratio. Receiver operative curve (ROC) analysis was used to determine the cut-off values for differentiating the i-SS group from the NC group based on the CM-T1SI ratio. Results: Two patients with i-SS had a score of 2 on all evaluations. The CM-T1SI score and ratio differed significantly between the i-SS and NC groups. The accuracy of the CM-T1SI ratio for discriminating i-SS from NC was 98.9% at a cutoff value of 0.628. Conclusion: High SI of the CM on unenhanced TIWI can be an additional characteristic finding of i-SS

Determination of Abundances of Fifty-Two Elements in Natural Waters by ICP-MS with Freeze-Drying Pre-concentration

To precisely determine the abundances of fifty-two elements found within natural water samples, with mass fractions down to fg g(-1) level, we have developed a method which combines freeze-drying pre-concentration (FDC) and isotope dilution internal standardisation (ID-IS). By sublimation of H2O, the sample solution was reduced to 0.3 mol l(-1) to avoid hydrolysis. Matrix-affected signal suppression was not significant for the solutions with NaCl concentrations lower than 0.2 and 0.1 cg g(-1) for quadrupole ICP-MS and sector field ICP-MS, respectively. The recovery yields of elements after FDC were 97-105%. The detection limits for the sample solutions prepared by FDC were <= 10 pg g(-1), except for Na, K and Ca. Blanks prepared using FDC were at pg-levels, except for eleven elements (Na, Mg, Al, P, Ca, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn). The abundances of fifty-two elements in bottled drinking water were determined from five different geological sources with mass fractions ranging from the fg g(-1) to mu g g(-1) level with high accuracy

EMG activity during 2000 m rowing

This study aimed to clarify the changes in the activity of the trunk and lower limb muscles during 2000-m rowing. Ten male rowers performed a 2000-m race simulation on a rowing ergometer. Electromyography results of the abdominal muscles, back muscles, gluteus maximus (GMax), biceps femoris (BF), and rectus femoris (RF) were recorded. The electromyographic activity during the three strokes after the start (initial stage), at 1000m (middle stage), and before the end (final stage) were analyzed. From the handle position, the rowing motion was divided into five phases (early-drive, middle-drive, late-drive, early-recovery, and late-recovery). The peak activities of the abdominal muscles, back muscles, GMax, and BF in each stroke of the rowing motion were delayed at the middle and final stages compared to the initial stage (P < 0.05). The peak activity of the RF was observed in the late-drive phase at the initial stage, whereas a high RF activity was observed in the middle-drive phase at the middle and final stages (P < 0.05). Considering the results of the activity of the back muscles and RF, RF muscular endurance enhancement may lead to a decrease in the load on the back muscles and help prevent muscular low back pain in rowers

授業に生かす教育方法・技術としての「育てる教育相談」の実証研究 －３年間の実践における教育効果の分析と検証ー

A 市立B 中学校では、X 年からX+2 年の3 年間にわたり「育てる教育相談」の考え方を生かした授業を通して生徒指導の充実に努めてきた。その結果、全学年・学級において、生徒は落ち着きのある学校生活となり、学力の向上が図られた1。本論文では、B 中学校の縦断的教育実践について、すべての授業に導入された「育てる教育相談」の考え方を生かした教育方法の効果について、第2 筆者の語りやアンケートなどから検証した。そこでは、校内研修組織を教員経験年数の少ない若手教員中心としたことがベテラン教員の協力を促進させ、このことが「育てる教育相談」の考え方を生かした教育方法の共通理解を深め、共通行動が図られることとなり、このことがB 中学校の授業改善の大きな要因になったことが示唆された

BRCAness Predicts Resistance to Taxane-Containing Regimens in Triple Negative Breast Cancer During Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy

AbstractBackgroundTo provide optimal treatment of heterogeneous triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), we need biomarkers that can predict the chemotherapy response.Patients and MethodsWe retrospectively investigated BRCAness in 73 patients with breast cancer who had been treated with taxane- and/or anthracycline-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). Using multiplex, ligation-dependent probe amplification on formalin-fixed core needle biopsy (CNB) specimens before NAC and surgical specimens after NAC. BRCAness status was assessed with the assessor unaware of the clinical information.ResultsWe obtained 45 CNB and 60 surgical specimens from the 73 patients. Of the 45 CNB specimens, 17 had BRCAness (38.6% of all subtypes). Of the 23 TNBC CNB specimens, 14 had BRCAness (61% of TNBC cases). The clinical response rates were significantly lower for BRCAness than for non-BRCAness tumors, both for all tumors (58.8% vs. 89.3%, P = .03) and for TNBC (50% vs. 100%, P = .02). All tumors that progressed with taxane therapy had BRCAness. Of the patients with TNBC, those with non-BRCAness cancer had pathologic complete responses significantly more often than did those with BRCAness tumors (77.8% vs. 14.3%, P = .007). After NAC, the clinical response rates were significant lower for BRCAness than for non-BRCAness tumors in all subtypes (P = .002) and in TNBC cases (P = .008). After a median follow-up of 26.4 months, 6 patients—all with BRCAness—had developed recurrence. Patients with BRCAness had shorter progression-free survival than did those with non- BRCAness (P = .049).ConclusionIdentifying BRCAness can help predict the response to taxane, and changing regimens for BRCAness TNBC might improve patient survival. A larger prospective study is needed to further clarify this issue